Timeline of programming languages
| Predecessor(s)
| Year
| Name
| Chief developer, Company
|
Pre 1950
| *
| ~1837
| Analytical Engine order code
| Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace
| | *
| 1943-5
| Plankalkl (concept)
| Konrad Zuse
| | *
| 1943-6
| ENIAC coding system
| John Von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing
| | ENIAC coding system
| 1946
| ENIAC Short Code
| Richard Clippinger, John Von Neumann after Alan Turing
| | ENIAC coding system
| 1946
| Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing system (Notation)
| John Von Neumann and Herman Goldstine
| | ENIAC coding system
| 1947
| ARC Assembly
| Kathleen Booth
| | Analytical Engine order code
| 1948
| CPC Coding scheme
| Howard Aiken
| | ENIAC coding system
| 1948
| Curry notation system
| Haskell Curry
| | ENIAC Short Code
| 1948
| Brief Code
| John Mauchly
| | ENIAC Short Code
| 1949
| C-10
| Betty Holberton
| | CPC Coding scheme
| 1949
| Seeber coding scheme (concept)
| Robert Seeber
|
1950s
| Brief Code
| 1950
| Short Code
| William F Schmidt, A.B. Tonik, J.R. Logan
| | ARC
| 1950
| Birkbeck Assembler
| Kathleen Booth
| | *
| 1951
| ALGAE
| Edward A Voorhees and Karl Balke
| | Short Code
| 1951
| Intermediate Programming Language
| Arthur Burks
| | EDSAC
| 1951
| Regional Assembly Language
| Maurice Wilkes
| | Aiken CPC system
| 1951
| Boehm unnamed coding system
| Corrado Boehm
| | Plankalkl
| 1951
| Klammerausdrcke
| Konrad Zuse
| | Short Code
| 1951
| OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler
| Charles Katz
| | *
| 1951
| Stanislaus (Notation)
| Fritz Bauer
| | EDSAC
| 1951
| Whirlwind assembler
| Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at MIT Project Whirlwind
| | EDSAC
| 1951
| Rochester assembler
| Nat Rochester
| | *
| 1951
| Sort/Merge
| Betty Holberton
| | C-10 and Short Code
| 1952
| A-0
| Grace Hopper
| | Aiken CPC
| 1952
| AUTOCODE
| Alick Glennie after Alan Turing
| | SORT/MERGE
| 1952
| Editing Generator
| Milly Koss
| | *
| 1952
| COMPOOL
| RAND/SDC
| | *
| 1953
| Whirlwind algebraic systems
| Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind
| | *
| 1953
| READ/PRINT
| Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman
| | Glennie Autocode
| 1954
| Mark I Autocode
| Tony Brooker
| | A-0
| 1954-1955
| FORTRAN "0" (concept)
| Team led by John W. Backus at IBM
| | A-0
| 1954
| ARITH-MATIC
| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
| | A-0
| 1954
| MATH-MATIC
| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
| | *
| 1954
| MATRIX MATH
| H G Kahrimanian
| | *
| 1954
| IPL I (concept)
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
| | A-0
| 1955
| FLOW-MATIC
| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
| | FORTRAN, A-2
| 1955
| PACT I
| SHARE
| | Boehm
| 1955-6
| Sequentielle Formelbersetzung
| Fritz Bauer and Karl Samelson
| | Laning and Zerler
| 1955-6
| IT
| Team led by Alan Perlis
| | IPL I
| 1958
| IPL II (implementation)
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
| | IPL
| 1956-1958
| LISP (concept)
| John McCarthy
| | FLOW-MATIC
| 1957
| COMTRAN
| Bob Bemer
| | FORTRAN 0
| 1957
| FORTRAN "I" (implementation)
| John W. Backus at IBM
| | *
| 1957
| COMIT (concept)
| | FORTRAN I
| 1958
| FORTRAN II
| Team led by John W. Backus at IBM
| | FORTRAN, IT and Sequentielle Formelbersetzung
| 1958
| ALGOL 58 (IAL)
| ACM/GAMM
| | IPL II
| 1958
| IPL V
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
| | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN
| 1959
| COBOL (concept)
| The Codasyl Committee
| | IPL
| 1959
| LISP (implementation)
| John McCarthy
| |
| 1959
| TRAC (concept)
| Mooers
|
1960s
| ALGOL 58
| 1960
| ALGOL 60
| | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN
| 1960
| COBOL 61 (implementation)
| The Codasyl Committee
| | *
| 1961
| COMIT (implementation)
| | FORTRAN II
| 1962
| FORTRAN IV
| | *
| 1962
| APL (concept)
| Iverson
| | ALGOL 58
| 1962
| MAD
| Arden, et al.
| | ALGOL 60
| 1962
| SIMULA (concept)
| | FORTRAN II, COMIT
| 1962
| SNOBOL
| Griswold, et al.
| | ALGOL 60
| 1963
| CPL
| Barron, Strachey, et al.
| | SNOBOL
| 1963
| SNOBOL3
| Griswold, et al.
| | ALGOL 60
| 1963
| ALGOL 68 (concept)
| van Wijngaarden, et al.
| | ALGOL 58
| 1963
| JOSS I
| Cliff Shaw, RAND
| | MIDAS
| 1964
| MIMIC
| H. E. Petersen, et al.
| | CPL, LISP
| 1964
| COWSEL
| Burstall, Popplestone
| | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
| 1964
| PL/I (concept)
| IBM
| | FORTRAN II, JOSS
| 1964
| BASIC
| Kemeny and Kurtz
| | FARGO
| 1964
| RPG
| IBM
| |
| 1964
| TRAC (implementation)
| Mooers
| |
| 1964?
| IITRAN
| | JOSS
| 1965
| TELCOMP
| BBN
| | JOSS I
| 1966
| JOSS II
| Chuck Baker, RAND
| | FORTRAN IV
| 1966
| FORTRAN 66
|
| | LISP
| 1966
| ISWIM
| Landin
| | ALGOL 60
| 1966
| CORAL66
| | CPL
| 1967
| BCPL
| Richards
| | FORTRAN, TELCOMP
| 1967
| MUMPS
| Massachusetts General Hospital
| | *
| 1967
| APL (implementation)
| Iverson
| | ALGOL 60
| 1967
| SIMULA 67 (implementation)
| Dahl, Myhrhaug, Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral
| | SNOBOL3
| 1967
| SNOBOL4
| Griswold, et al.
| | PL/I
| 1967
| XPL
| W. M. Mckeeman, et al. at University Of California Santa Cruz, California
J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University
| | DIBOL
| 1968
| DIBOL-8
| DEC
| | COWSEL
| 1968
| POP-1
| Burstall, Popplestone
| |
| 1968
| FORTH (concept)
| Moore
| | LISP
| 1968
| LOGO
| Papert
| | *
| 1968
| REFAL (implementation)
| Valentin Turchin
| | ALGOL 60
| 1969
| ALGOL 68 (implementation)
| van Wijngaarden, et al.
| | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
| 1969
| PL/I (implementation)
| IBM
| | BCPL
| 1969
| B
| Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie
| |
| 1969
| PPL
| Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University
|
1970s
|
| 1970?
| FORTH (implementation)
| Moore
| | POP-1
| 1970
| POP-2
| | ALGOL 60
| 1971
| Pascal
| Wirth, Jensen
| | Pascal, XPL
| 1971
| Sue
| Holt et al. at University of Toronto
| | SIMULA 67
| 1972
| Smalltalk-72
| Xerox PARC
| | PL/I, ALGOL, XPL
| 1972
| PL/M
| Kildall at Digital Research
| | B, BCPL, ALGOL 68
| 1972
| C
| Ritchie
| | *
| 1972
| INTERCAL
| | 2-level W-Grammar
| 1972
| Prolog
| Colmerauer
| | Pascal, BASIC
| 1973
| COMAL
| Christensen, L๘fstedt
| | Pascal, Sue
| 1973
| LIS
| Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull
| | BASIC
| 1974
| GRASS
| DeFanti
| | Business BASIC
| 1974
| BASIC FOUR
| BASIC FOUR CORPORATION
| | LISP
| 1975
| Scheme
| Sussman, Steele
| | Pascal
| 1975?
| Modula
| Wirth
| | BASIC
| 1975
| Altair BASIC
| Gates, Allen
| | ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL
| 1975
| CS-4
| Brosgol at Intermetrics
| | Smalltalk-72
| 1976
| Smalltalk-76
| Xerox PARC
| | C, FORTRAN
| 1976
| Ratfor
| Kernighan
| | APL, PPL, Scheme
| 1976
| S
| John Chambers at Bell Laboratories
| | *
| 1977
| FP
| John Backus
| | *
| 1977
| Bourne Shell (sh)
| Bourne
| | Fortran
| 1977
| IDL
| David Stern of Research Systems Inc
| | MUMPS
| 1977
| Standard MUMPS
| | SNOBOL
| 1977
| 'ICON (concept)
| Griswold
| | ALGOL 68, LIS
| 1977
| Green
| Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull for US Dept of Defense
| | ALGOL 68, CS-4
| 1977
| Red
| Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics for US Dept of Defense
| | ALGOL 68,
| 1977
| Blue
| Goodenough et al. at SofTech for US Dept of Defense
| | ALGOL 68,
| 1977
| Yellow
| Spitzen et al. at SRI International for US Dept of Defense
| | FORTRAN IV
| 1978
| FORTRAN 77
| | Modula
| 1978?
| Modula-2
| Wirth
| | *
| 1978?
| MATLAB
| Moler at the University of New Mexico
| | Algol60
| 1978?
| SMALL
| Brownlee at the University of Auckland
| | Ingres
| 1978
| SQL aka structured query language
| IBM
| | *
| 1978
| VISICALC
| Bricklin, Frankston marketed by VisiCorp
| | PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2
| 1979
| REXX
| Cowlishaw
| | C, SNOBOL
| 1979
| Awk
| Aho, Weinberger, Kernighan
| | SNOBOL
| 1979
| ICON (implementation)
| Griswold
| | *
| 1979
| Vulcan dBase-II
| Ratliff
|
1980s
| C, SIMULA 67
| 1980
| C with classes
| Stroustrup
| | Smalltalk-76
| 1980
| Smalltalk-80
| Xerox PARC
| | Smalltalk, C
| 1982
| Objective-C
| Brad Cox
| | Green
| 1983
| Ada 83
| CII Honeywell Bull
| | C with Classes
| 1983
| C++
| Stroustrup
| | BASIC
| 1983
| True BASIC
| Kemeny, Kurtz at Dartmouth College
| | COBOL
| 1983?
| ABAP
| SAP
| | sh
| 1984?
| Korn Shell (ksh)
| Dave Korn
| | *
| 1984
| Standard ML
| | dBase
| 1984
| CLIPPER
| Nantucket
| | LISP
| 1984
| Common Lisp
| Guy Steele and many others
| | 1977MUMPS
| 1985
| 1984 MUMPS
| | Pascal
| 1985
| Object Pascal
| Apple Computer
| | dBase
| 1985
| PARADOX
| Borland
| | Interpress
| 1985
| PostScript
| Warnock
| | BASIC
| 1985
| QuickBASIC
| Microsoft
| |
| 1986
| Miranda
| David Turner at University of Kent
| |
| 1986
| LabVIEW
| National Instruments
| | SIMULA 67
| 1986
| Eiffel
| Meyer
| |
| 1986
| Informix-4GL
| Informix
| | C
| 1986
| PROMAL
|
| | INFORM
| 1986
| CorVision
| Cortex
| | Smalltalk
| 1987
| Self (concept)
| Sun Microsystems Inc.
| | *
| 1987
| HyperTalk
| Apple
| | *
| 1987
| SQL-87
| | C, sed, awk, sh
| 1987
| Perl
| Wall
| | MATLAB
| 1988
| Octave
| | dBase-III
| 1988
| dBase-IV
| | Awk, Lisp
| 1988
| Tcl
| Ousterhout
| | REXX
| 1988
| Object REXX
| Simon C. Nash
| | Ada
| 1988
| SPARK
| Bernard A. Carr้
| | APL
| 1988
| A+
| Arthur Whitney
| | *
| 1987
| Mathematica
| Wolfram Research
| | Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal
| 1989
| Turbo Pascal OOP
| Hejlsberg at Borland
| | C
| 1989
| Standard C89/90
| ANSI X3.159-1989 (adopted by ISO in 1990)
| | Modula-2
| 1989
| Modula-3
| Cardeli, et al.
| | Modula-2
| 1989
| Oberon
| Wirth
|
1990s
| Oberon
| 1990
| Object Oberon
| Wirth
| | APL, FP
| 1990
| J
| Iverson, R. Hui at Iverson Software
| | Miranda
| 1990
| Haskell
| | 1984 MUMPS
| 1990
| 1990 MUMPS
| | SML 84
| 1990
| SML 90
| Milner, Tofte and Harper
| | Fortran 77
| 1991
| Fortran 90
| | Object Oberon
| 1991
| Oberon-2
| Wirth
| | ABC
| 1991
| Python
| Van Rossum
| | C
| 1991
| Q
| Albert Graf
| | QuickBASIC
| 1991
| Visual Basic
| Alan Cooper at Microsoft
| | SQL-87
| 1992
| SQL-92
| | Turbo Pascal OOP
| 1992
| Borland Pascal
| | ICI
| 1992
| Tim Long
| | ksh
| 1993?
| Z Shell (zsh)
| | Smalltalk
| 1993?
| Self (implementation)
| Sun Microsystems Inc.
| | Forth
| 1993
| FALSE
| Wouter van Oortmerssen
| | *
| 1993
| WinDev
| PC Soft
| | FALSE
| 1993
| Brainfuck
| Mller
| | HyperTalk
| 1993
| Revolution Transcript
| | HyperTalk
| 1993
| AppleScript
| Apple
| | APL, Lisp
| 1993
| K
| Arthur Whitney
| | Smalltalk, Perl
| 1993
| Ruby
| Yukihiro Matsumoto
| |
| 1993
| Lua
| Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio
| | C
| 1993
| ZPL
| Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington
| | Lisp
| 1994
| Dylan
| many people at Apple Computer
| | Perl
| 1994
| PHP
| Rasmus Lerdof
| | Ada 83
| 1995
| Ada 95
| ISO
| | Borland Pascal
| 1995
| Borland Delphi
| Anders Hejlsberg at Borland
| |
| 1995
| ColdFusion
| Allaire
| | C, SIMULA67 OR C++, Smalltalk, Objective-C
| 1995
| Java
| James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
| | 1990MUMPS
| 1995
| 1995 MUMPS
| | Self, Java
| 1995?
| LiveScript
| Brendan Eich at Netscape
| | Fortran 90
| 1996
| Fortran 95
| | APL, Perl
| 1996
| Perl Data Language (PDL)
| Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller
| | S
| 1996
| R
| Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka
| | REXX
| 1996
| NetRexx
| Cowlishaw
| |
| 1996
| Lasso
| Blue World Communication
| | Joule, Original-E
| 1997
| E
| Mark S. Miller
| | LiveScript
| 1997?
| JavaScript
| Brendan Eich at Netscape
| | SML 90
| 1997
| SML 97
| Milner, Tofte, Harper and MacQueen
| | PHP 3
| 1997
| PHP
| PHP team
| | Scheme
| 1997
| Pico
| Free University of Brussels
| | Smalltalk-80, Self
| 1997
| Squeak Smalltalk
| Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer
| | JavaScript
| 1997?
| ECMAScript
| ECMA TC39-TG1
| | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C
| 1997
| F-Script
| Philippe Mougin
| | C++, Standard C
| 1998
| Standard C++
| ANSI/ISO Standard C++
| | Prolog
| 1998
| Erlang
| Open Source Erlang at Ericsson
| | Standard C89/90
| 1999
| Standard C99
| ISO/IEC 9899:1999
| | DSSSL
| 1999
| XSLT
| W3C
|
2000s
| Java
| 2000
| Join Java
| G Stewart von Itzstein
| | FP, Forth
| 2000
| Joy
| von Thun
| | C, C++, C#, Java
| 2000
| D
| Walter Bright at Digital Mars
| | C, C++, Java, Delphi
| 2000
| C#
| Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft(ECMA)
| | Java
| 2001
| AspectJ
| Xerox PARC
| | Self, NetwonScript
| 2002
| Io
| Steve Dekorte
| | Perl, C++
| 2003
| S2
| Fitzpatrick, Atkins
| | C#, ML, MetaHaskell
| 2003
| Nemerle
| University of Wroclaw
| | Joy, Forth, Lisp
| 2003
| Factor
| Slava Pestov
| | Fortran 95
| 2004
| Fortran 2003
| | *
| 2004
| Subtext
| Jonathan Edwards
| | Python, C#, Ruby
| 2004
| Boo
| Rodrigo B. de Oliveira
| | Object Pascal, C#
| 2004
| Chrome programming language
| RemObjects Software
| | Java
| 2004
| Groovy
| James Strachan
| | *
| 2005
| Corn
| | Haskell
| 2006
| Links
| Phil Wadler, University of Edinburgh
| | ksh, C#, Ruby, SQL
| 2006
| Windows PowerShell
| Microsoft
| | | | | | | | |
